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一、課
名：紮根理論
二、課程編號：544
D0900
三、學
分
數：3
四、授課老師：畢恆達
hdbih@ccms.ntu.edu.tw
五、上課時間及地點：每週五第234節，9:10-12:00，工綜館
421室
六、課程概要：
自Glaser與Strauss於1967年出版「紮根理論的發現」一書之後，紮根理論就在教育、社會工作、管理、護理等領域獲得極大的重視。有的人甚至以為紮根理論就是質性研究的同義詞。而台灣自1997年Strauss與Corbin合著的「質性研究概論」中文翻譯出版後，以紮根理論作為其研究方法的學位論文大增。若以grounded
theory作為檢索字串，只查詢關鍵字欄位的話有57筆、只查詢摘要欄位有116筆、參考書目則有416筆，而不限欄位的查詢則出現489筆。然若以紮根理論作為檢索字串查詢，只查關鍵字有72筆、只查摘要有162筆、參考書目有190筆，而不限欄位查詢則有304筆。（除了紮根理論的中文翻譯之外，還出現實基理論、植基理論、立基理論等不同的翻譯）第一次出現為1984年台大商學研究所的碩士論文：出口貿易商成功關鍵因素及其與績效間探討之研究（使用「實基理論」的中文翻譯）。第二本是1988年輔仁大學管理科學研究所碩士論文：的『資訊不對稱』與『企業策略』關係之研究-以台灣地區壽險業為例（已經使用紮根理論的中文翻譯）。另外使用國家圖書館的中華民國期刊論文索引影像系統，不限欄位查詢grounded
theory有23篇，紮根理論有28篇，當然其中有很多重複之處（作者很顯然是女多於男）。根據上述資料可以推測，紮根理論在研究生論文寫作中得到較大重視，而學術研究者反而比較少明確使用紮根理論的方法（也有可能使用紮根理論方法，但是沒有將此詞放入論文的關鍵詞）。此外，儘管紮根理論的論文數量日漸增多，仍然處於社會科學的邊緣位置，而紮根理論/質性研究，相對於量化研究，有較多相通之處，這也是作者女遠多男的原因之一。
然而Strauss與Corbin
(1990) Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory
Procedures and Techniques教科書的出版卻引發Glaser極大的不滿。在書籍出版之前，Glaser寫了一封措辭極為強烈的書信給Strauss，要求他或者不要出版這本書，或者書中不能使用紮根理論這個名詞。Strauss照原訂計劃出版，並且獲得極大的成功，成為Sage出版社研究方法書籍的暢銷書。Glaser只好在1992年針對此書一章一章的批判，寫成Basics
of Grounded Theory Analysis。雙方認為自己的理論才是正統的紮根理論，相互指責對方已經走偏了。
本課程將以紮根理論作為主題，探討其歷史、方法與批評；是一門進階課程，希望修課學生已有質性研究課程的基礎，並且已經對紮根理論有初步的認識與理解。
本學期首先將閱讀Glaser與Strauss的「Awareness
of Dying」這本書(他們在撰寫這本書之後，才決定要寫探討其研究方法的書)。然後閱讀「紮根理論的發現」這本經典作。接著將分別以文獻閱讀、抽樣、資料分析、筆記、論文寫作、知識論等主題，閱讀二位作者早期合作的，以及後來分別撰寫之書籍，來討論其概念的主旨、演變、差異與爭辯。然後再以不同學術領域(如教育、公衛、護理、管理、社工)的經驗研究為例，探討紮根理論如何應用落實。最後則以台灣的紮根理論經驗研究為例，加以分析與討論。
課程進度
一、緣起
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. (1965). Awareness of dying.
Chicago: Aldine. (Appendix: Methods of collection and analysis
of data, pp. 286-293)
Glaser, B. G. (1965). The constant comparative method of
qualitative analysis. Social Problems, 12, 436-445.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. (1965). Discovery of substantive
theory: A basic strategy underlying qualitative analysis.
American Behavioral Scientist, 8, 5-12.
二、經典
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of
grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research.
Chicago: Aldine.
三、文獻閱讀、抽樣、資料分析、筆記、論文寫作、知識論
Glaser, B. G. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity. Mill
Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Glaser, B. G. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis.
Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Glaser, B. G. (1998). Doing grounded theory: Issues and
discussions. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Glaser, B. G. (1999). The future of grounded theory.
Qualitative Health Research, 9(6), 836-845.
台大醫圖
Glaser, B. G. (2001). The grounded theory perspective:
Conceptualization contrasted with description. Mill Valley,
CA: Sociology Press.
Glaser, B. G. (2002). Constructivist Grounded Theory? Forum:
Qualitative Social Research, 3(3). (Retrieved from
http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/3-02/3-02glaser-e.pdf,
2003.9.18)
Glaser, B. G. (2003). The grounded theory perspective II:
Conceptualization contrasted with description. Mill Valley,
CA: Sociology Press.
Strauss, A. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social
scientists. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative
research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage.
有中譯本
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1994). Grounded theory methodology:
An overview. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook
of qualitative research (pp. 273-285). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative
research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded
theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
有中譯本
Corbin, J. (1998). Alternative interpretations. Theory &
Psychology, 8(1), 121-128.
四、經驗研究實例
有關紮根理論在不同領域的研究實例，利用SSCI查詢，近十年大約有百餘篇。請修課同學自行上網查詢，選取其中自己有興趣的研究主題，閱讀、報告與討論。底下這三本書，是Glaser與Strauss他們所選取的研究案例，大都是學位論文，應該是說，得到他們的許可。其他文獻，則有可能是作者自認為使用紮根理論，但是不見得Glaser與Strauss會同意。至於第五部份的書單，則是一些討論紮根理論的概念、方法、應用、比較，甚至批評的文章。
Glaser, B. G. (Ed.). (1993). Examples of grounded theory: A
reader. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Glaser, B. G. (Ed.). (1994). More grounded theory
methodology: A reader. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (Eds.). (1997). Grounded theory in
practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
五、二手與批評
看看別人怎麼說。紮根理論的啟發為何，和其他的研究方法的關係又如何？
Addison, R. B. (1989). Grounded interpretive research: An
investigation of physician socialization. In M. J. Packer & R.
B. Addison (Eds.), Entering the circle: Hermeneutic
investigation in psychology (pp. 39-57). Albany: State
University of New York Press.
Addison, R. B. (1992). Grounded hermeneutic research. In B. F.
Crabtree & W. L. Miller (Eds.), Doing qualitative research
(pp. 110-124). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Annells, M. (1996). Grounded theory method: Philosophical
perspectives, paradigm of inquiry, and postmodernism.
Qualitative Health Research, 6(3), 379-393.
交大、北護學院
Babchuk, Wayne A. (1996). Glaser or Strauss?: Grounded theory
and adult education. Michigan State University. (Retrieved from
http://www.canr.msu.edu/aee/research/gradpr96.htm,
2003.9.18)
Bryant, A (2003). A Constructive/ist Response to Glaser. About
Barney G. Glaser: Constructivist Grounded Theory? Forum:
Qualitative Social Research, 4(1). (Retrieved from
http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/1-03/1-03bryant-e.pdf,
2003.9.18)
Carpenter, D. R. (1995). Grounded theory research approach. In
H. J. Streubert & D. R. Carpenter (Eds.), Qualitative
research in nursing: Advancing the humanistic imperative
(pp. 145-161). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Charmaz, K. (1983). The grounded theory method: An explication
and interpretation. In R. M. Emerson (Ed.), Contemporary
field research (pp. 109-126). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland
Press.
Charmaz, K. (1995). Grounded theory. In J. A. Smith & R. Harre &
L. Van Langenhove (Eds.), Rethinking methods in psychology
(pp. 27-49). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Charmaz, K. (2000). Grounded theory: Objectivist and
constructivist methods. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.),
Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 509-535).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Charmaz, K. (2002). Qualitative interviewing and grounded theory
analysis. In J. F. Gubrium & J. A. Holstein (Eds.), Handbook
of interview research: Context and method (pp. 675-694).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chenitz, W. C., & Swanson, J. M. (Eds.). (1986). From
practice to grounded theory: Qualitative research in nursing.
Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley.
Cutcliffe, J. R. (2000). Methodological issues in grounded
theory. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31(6), 1476-1484.
台大醫圖
Dey, I. (1999). Grounding grounded theory: Guidelines for
qualitative inquiry. San Diego: Academic Press.
Gilgun, J. F. (2001). Grounded theory and other inductive
research methods. In B. A. Thyer (Ed.), The handbook of
social work research methods (pp. 345-364). Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Goulding, C. (2002). Grounded theory: Evolutionary developments
and fundamental processes. In Grounded theory: A practical
guide for management, business and market researchers (pp.
38-54). London: Sage.
Hall, W. A., & Callery, P. (2001). Enhancing the rigor of
grounded theory: incorporating reflexivity and relationality.
Qualitative Health Research, 11(2), 257-272.
台大醫圖
Hine, D. W., & Gifford, R. (1994). Grounded theory: A promising
new tool for environment-behavior research. Canadian
Psychology, 35(2A), 40-40.
政大總圖
Keddy, B., Sims, S. L., & Stern, P. N. (1996). Grounded theory
as feminist research methodology. Journal of Advanced
Nursing, 23(3), 448-453.
台大醫圖
Layder, D. (1982). Grounded theory: A constructive critique.
Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 12(1), 103-123.
台大總圖
Locke, K.(1996). Rewriting the Discovery of Grounded Theory:
After 25 years? Journal of Management Inquiry, 5(3),
239-245.
先查台大總圖，若無試交大、中山大學
Melia, K. M. (1996). Rediscovering Glaser. Qualitative Health
Research, 6, 368-378.
交大、北護學院
Miller & Fredrenicks (1999). How does grounded theory explain.
Qualitative Health Research, 9(4), 538-551.
台大醫圖
Philipsen, G. (1992). The Discovery of Grounded Theory [Book
Review]. Communication Education, 41(2), 240-245.
政大總圖、世新
Rennie, D. L. (2000). Grounded theory methodology as methodical
hermeneutics: Reconciling realism and relativism. Theory &
Psychology, 10(4), 481-502.
台師大不確定
Rennie, D. L., Phillips, J. R., & Quartaro, G. K. (1988).
Grounded theory: A promising approach to conceptualization in
psychology? Canadian Psychology, 29(2), 139-150.
政大總圖
Robrecht, L. C. (1995). Grounded theory: Evolving methods.
Qualitative Health Research, 5(2), 169-177.
交大、北護學院
Samik-Ibrahim, R. M. (2000). Grounded theory methodology as the
research strategy for a developing country. Forum:
Qualitative Social Research, 1(1). (Retrieved from
http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/1-00/1-00samik-e.pdf,
2003.9.18)
Stern, P. N. (1994). Eroding grounded theory. In J. M. Morse
(Ed.), Critical issues in qualitative research methods
(pp. 212-223). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Wells, K. (1995). The strategy of grounded theory: Possibilities
and problems. Social Work Research, 19(1), 33-37.
台大總圖
Wilson, H. S., & Hutchinson, S. A. (1991). Triangulation of
qualitative methods: Heideggerian hermeneutics and grounded
theory. Qualitative Health Research, 1(2), 263-276.
已影印
Wilson, H. S., & Hutchinson, S. A. (1996). Methodologic mistakes
in grounded theory. Nursing Research, 45(2), 122-124.
台大醫圖
Wimpenny, P., & Gass, J. (2000). Interviewing in phenomenology
and grounded theory: Is there a difference? Journal of
Advanced Nursing, 31(6), 1485-1492.
台大醫圖
Wuest, J. (1995). Feminist grounded theory: An exploration of
the congruency and tensions between 2 traditions in knowledge
discovery. Qualitative Health Research, 5(1), 125-137.
交大、北護學院
六、台灣的紮根理論經驗研究
請修課同學自行到國家圖書館的全國博碩士論文資訊網搜尋，選取與自己研究興趣相合的論文來分析，探討其知識論、研究設計、文獻回顧、紮根理論是否與其他方法並用、方法實際操作過程、寫作等議題。以下書單只列討論紮根理論方法的論文。
徐宗國（1995）工作內涵與性別角色。台北：稻鄉。
陳昺麟（2001）社會科學質化研究之紮根理論實施程序及實例之介紹。勤益學報，19，頁327-342。
田秀蘭（2000）紮根理論在諮商心理學研究中的應用。輔導季刊，36（4），頁35-40。
其他參考書目
紮根理論網頁
http://gtm.vlsm.org/gtm-12.en.html
質性研究線上期刊網頁
http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs/fqs-e/rubriken-e.htm
Ekins, R. (1997). Male femaling: A grounded theory to
cross-dressing and sex-changing. London: Routledge.
Carpenter, D. R. (1995). Grounded theory research approach
applied to nursing education, practice, and administration. In
H. J. Streubert & D. R. Carpenter (Eds.), Qualitative
research in nursing: Advancing the humanistic imperative
(pp. 162-194). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Sherman, E., & Reid, W. J. (Eds.). (1994). Qualitative
research in social work. New York: Columbia University
Press.
其中一個部分就叫做
Grounded Theory Methods，裡面有四篇文章。
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